Characteristics No. (%) of Articles (n=50)
Total (%) Abstract Contains No Spin Abstract Contains Spin P-value
Intervention Type 0.13a
Mixed 23 (46) 19 (38) 4 (8)
Non-pharmacologic 10 (20) 7 (14) 3 (6)
Pharmacologic 8 (16) 3 (6) 5 (10)
Surgery 6 (12) 3 (6) 3 (6)
Education 3 (6) 2 (4) 1 (2)
Study mentions adherence to PRISMA 0.15b
No 35 (70) 26 (52) 9 (18)
Yes 15 (30) 8 (16) 7 (14)
Publishing journal recommends adherence to PRISMA 0.85b
No 24 (48) 16 (32) 8 (16)
Yes 26 (52) 18 (36) 8 (16)
Funding Source 0.56a
Not Funded 12 (24) 6 (12) 6 (12)
Private 3 (6) 2 (4) 1 (2)
Combination of funding including industry 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Combination of funding not including industry 1 (2) 1 (2) 0 (0)
Public 6 (12) 4 (8) 2 (4)
Not Mentioned 28 (56) 21 (42) 7 (14)
Industry 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
AMSTAR-2 Rating 1.0a
High 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Moderate 3 (6) 2 (4) 1 (2)
Low 8 (16) 6 (12) 2 (4)
Critically Low 39 (78) 26 (52) 13 (26)